On this page Detailed Menu for this Page Summary Overview A Short History of Post-death Care and Funerals Why Consider an At-Home Family-based/Home Funeral Option Basics on Post-death Care At Home and Video Series Timeline and Post-death Physical Care Shroud Designs Death Journeyer's Remains

Have you ever had a friend or relative die, and wished you could have kept them at home for a day or two, to take care of the body yourself and say your farewells without pressure?   In fact, you can.   

Caring for your deceased loved one at home is simpler than it may seem, but certain tasks (including the filing of paperwork) do need to be done at specific times — see General Timeline below.   Embalming is usually not necessary, and in most places there is no legal requirement to make use of a funeral home.

Post-death care may include getting the body from the hospital or hospice (unless your Death Journeyer died at home); washing and dressing the body; cooling it with dry ice or Techni-Ice/Cryopak blankets; making or buying a simple shroud or casket, and decorating it as you choose; putting the body into the casket or shroud; and then finally transporting it to a crematory or burial ground.  See Post-death Care at Home below.

Resources to support you in post-death care can vary between provinces/territories.  The primary ones are available at Resources Pre-Death and Resources Post-Death.   Please check with your local Hospice or other advocacy groups to find out what resources (such as grief counselling) are available in your area.   If you have difficulties, please contact us — we may have, or be able to find, further specific information.   

Detailed menu for this page Summary Overview (link)     Right to care for your own dead     Canadians can do it at home   A Short History of Post-death Care & Funerals (link)     Delegating care to funeral homes     The tradition of embalming     The urban custom     Denying the reality of death     The cycle of life     Continuance of post-death care at home     Alternative death-care providers   Why Consider an At-Home Family-based/Home Funeral Option (link)     What is a 'home funeral'? Is use of a funeral home necessary? Choosing a casket 'A la carte' services Costs of funeral home vs. at-home care (PDF) Saying goodbye 'Community of grieving' Children and death Ecological footprint of home funerals

Basics on Post-death Care At Home (link)   Post-Death Care/Home-Funeral Care videos     General Timeline (all sections in one PDF)     In advance of death Within 1-2 days Just before death  Within 3-4 days Right after death  Within 5-10 days Within the first few hours       Post-death Physical Care (all sections in one PDF)     Dealing with the body Moving the body  Dealing with rigor mortis Dry ice & Techni-Ice Supplies for post-death care  Shrouding the body     Shroud Designs and Sewing Patterns (link)     Death Journeyer's Remains (link)     If choosing burial   Kinds of burials  Requirements  Cemeteries     If choosing cremation   Kinds of cremation Timeframe Requirements   Scattering ashes  Urns for ashes

Summary Overview
of At-Home Post-Death Care and/or Home Funerals

Right to care for your own dead    Most North Americans — especially urban people — assume that the law requires that the body of a deceased must go to a commercial funeral home shortly after death.   In fact, in most cases, this is not true — families have the right to care for their own dead until the body is buried or cremated.   Again — in most cases — you also have the right to bring the body to your home after your person has died in a hospital, hospice or residential care facility.   Post-death care is not that difficult, nor that different from pre-death care — and most of the documents needed are available to families from your local Vital Statistics office. 

It is important to note that the law allows for multiple options (such as the rights above) that are not actually spelt out in it — that is, it does not restrict  such options.    Much of what is considered 'law' in our culture is only common practice — which then leads to misconceptions of what is possible and what is not; and even funeral directors are often misinformed by their training.   For example, in B.C., the only restriction on time of burial or cremation is that a body cannot be cremated before 48 hours (to allow for investigation of cause of death, if necessary).   Also, the following statement from the city of Prince George, B.C., clarifies that: "There is no law that states a specific time-frame for burial.   The timeline is usually determined by the need to secure all permits and authorizations, notify family and friends, prepare the cemetery site, and observe religious and cultural rituals." ("A Death in Your Family")

Many people find that keeping their person at home and doing the post-death care themselves (or with the guidance of an alternative death-care provider) is a significant last act of loving care.   It allows for the whole of the family (including children), and their closest friends, to organize the post-death events according to what is personally meaningful to them (and/or the death journeyer).   Thus they can create a personalized continuum between the pre-death process, and the final burial/cremation and funeral/memorial.   It can also be considerably less expensive than using a funeral home -- except for direct creamtion where the body is moved to the crematorium immediately after death.		Rolling the Body in Preparation for Washing the Back

There are definitely situations in which delegating post-death care to a funeral home may be appropriate:

It may be required by, or customary to, your faith.     The death occurred as the result of a disfiguring accident, or if the Death Journeyer died alone and wasn't found for days afterwards (in which case the body may have begun to decompose).     The family may wish the funeral held elsewhere — either where more of them can attend, or in order for the Death Journeyer to be buried in the family plot (in which case, embalming may be necessary for the sake of transporting the body).     There may not be any suitable home (belonging to family or friends) in the area, to bring the Death Journeyer home to.     Or it may simply be the case that it would be awkward for any family member or friend to do the post-death care, because of family dynamics or their own practical situation.   Further Notes on preparing for a home funeral:     The body can be brought directly home from the hospital or residential care facility — if a family member or friend is willing to take on post-death care — but the transfer must be authorized by the executor, or next-of-kin (if an executor has not been named).     It is possible that a funeral home facility — once in possession of the deceased body — will allow the body to be taken to the family home for a short period of time (2-3 days).   However, they might insist on embalming the body first.   In such a case, the family needs to consider whether the value of having the body at home outweighs the carbon-footprint of embalming. Funeral homes who use more ecologically-friendly products are listed on the Green Burial Council site under Find GBC Providers.    The degree of 'greenness' is denoted by the number of green leaves beside a listing — graduating from pale to darker green, with the darker leaves given to those who offer the most ecologically-friendly options. Even if you have already pre-paid for funeral arrangements with a specific funeral home (sometimes called a 'pre-need' or 'pre-planned' contract), you may be able to cancel the contract if you later choose to have a home funeral.    It is likely, however, that there will be a penalty for doing so; and it should be clearly written into the contract.    Check your province/territory's Consumer Protection agency for further clarification of rights re cancelling contracts, as each has slightly different rules (see Consumer Protection agencies for each province/territory on our Resources — Post-death page).

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Canadians can do it at home     It is important that Canadians know that at-home family-based post-deathcare is a realistic, accessible, and legal option.

			Especially with the advent of extensive hospice/palliative care, more people can die at home with all the 'comfort care' that the Death Journeyer requires.  Where such care is available, the palliative-care teams can — within the person's own home — supply most of the nursing/caregiving services and basic medical equipment that would otherwise be provided in a hospital or hospice.
			If the Death Journeyer dies in a hospital, hospice, or residential care facility, you have the right to take the body home after death — although you may need a Permit for Burial or Cremation, and possibly a Permit to Transport the Body, with you.   [Note: The Permit to Transport the Body may also be known by other names, such as Private Transfer Permit or Body Transport Permit.    It may not be required in your province — to date, we are only aware of such permits being required in B.C. and Ontario.    See the CINDEA page on Resources in Canada — Post-death, section Legal Information and Regulations]
			Washing/dressing the body is usually fairly simple (instructions are given in the Post-death Physical Care (PDF) and videos below).   There are, in fact, many things done when the Death Journeyer is still alive (inserting IVs, changing bandages, caring for dry mouth) that may not need to be done afterwards.
			Rigor mortis usually takes several hours to set in (2-7 hours), and relaxes again within about 36-72 hours — depending on various factors re the deceased's size/etc. and the environmental conditions.    Post-death care can continue during the early stages of rigor mortis.
			A dead body can be kept at home for 3-5 days, without significant deterioration, with the use of fans, air conditioining and dry ice — or with Cryopak blankets (order from Cryopak) which are safer to use than dry ice.
			All documents and permits are available to families.   [ See Resources in Canada — Post-death, section Legal Information, for govermental and other links for access to these documents.]
			As long as a casket meets some general standards, you can make it yourself — or buy a standard cardboard/pressboard one and decorate it according to your own wishes.   There are casket-building companies who are beginning to offer ecologically-conscious options — made from wicker, recycled wood or cardboard, etc.   You also do have the right to buy a casket from a business other than a funeral home (for some options, and blueprints to make your own, see Eco-Friendly Coffins, Shrouds, and Urn or CINDEA 's Shroud patterns).   Some cemeteries also accept simple shrouds (i.e. without a casket at all) — and for some religions, shroud-burial is, in fact, a requirement.

CINDEA has attempted to provide the necessary information on how to deal with all of the elements of at-home post-deathcare — on this page, and on its 'Resources in Canada' pages.

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A Short History of Post-Deathcare and Funerals

Delegating post-death care to funeral homes     In North America, it has become customary for professional funeral directors to handle all care of the body after death, including the documentation and funeral ceremonies — so much so that most people believe it to be required by law.   In fact, in most cases, it is not required — the primary exceptions being when
			the body needs to be transported a long distance, (and therefore may need to be embalmed),
			non-organic devices (pacemaker, etc.) may need to be removed before burial or cremation, or
			there is a question as to the cause of death (in which case the body needs to be investigated by a coroner).
Even in these cases — depending on the specific circumstances — you do not need to use a funeral home.   For example, if the body is being transported immediately and is kept cool, it may not need to be embalmed to be taken to another city or province. Theoretically, there is no reason why an autopsied body can't be brought home after the coroner has closed the body.   If your person's death is likely to be autopsied, it is wise to check out the rules of your municipality or province in advance: and if you are having difficulty getting clear answers or permission, please feel free to contact us — and we will do as much as we can to help you figure out how to have your person's wishes granted.

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The tradition of embalming     Embalming has become so popular that many people believe it also to be required by law — which it is not, except perhaps when the body needs to be transported long distances.   [Note: in some funeral homes, bodies are embalmed to "allow" for formal viewing/visitation — even though a cremation will happen soon after the death.   However, informal visitation with no embalming can often be arranged.   Embalming may be required, if you choose to take the body home after the funeral home has taken possession of it.]    Since embalming can only be done by licensed professionals in certified facilities, it became common to assume that a deceased body had to be moved to a funeral home soon after death, in order for it to be embalmed.   It is notable, however, that Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Bahá'í, and other traditions forbid embalming — and often require that the body be buried within 24 hours, which would preclude embalming in any case.   In many countries, whether or not the body is embalmed, it is always returned to the family home — if the death journeyer died in a hospital or residential care facility — for the final ceremonies.

Earth — remembrance flower mandala by Elli Boray

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The urban custom     Moving the body to a funeral home shortly after death, and having it remain there until burial or cremation, is primarily an urban custom — although it was eventually picked up by small towns.   Over time, the funeral homes' practices evolved to include:
			semi-automatic embalming (unless prohibited by one's faith tradition)
			the washing and dressing of the body (usually in the death journeyer's favourite or best clothes)
			the application of make-up (on both women and men) to make the Death Journeyer appear 'alive, and only sleeping'
			the use of more and more elaborate caskets as a status symbol — often encouraged by the funeral home as 'truly honouring one's dead person'
			open- or closed-casket visitation (although closed-casket visitation is becoming much more common)
			a funeral ceremony (often in the funeral home's chapel — or in one's church, though usually without the body being present) and/or a graveside service
			and possibly a later memorial (usually not held in the funeral home)
			the funeral home dealing with all of the paperwork — copies of the Death Certificates, etc.

All of these elements became a status symbol — as family members were encouraged (and sometimes even intimidated) to choose the more elaborate services, ornate caskets, prominent gravesites, and ornamental tombstones (even if cremated, the ashes may be buried under a tombstone) — designed to 'prove that they were truly honouring their loved one'.   As a result, even fairly modest funeral and burial/cremation services can easily cost as much as $8,000 or more (especially if buried), once all of the services are tallied.

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Denying the reality of death     Our society has developed a set of conventional practices intended to remove death from our consciousness.   When a dead body is moved to a funeral home, it disappears — although we know it isn't true, it can be easier to (unconsciously) believe that our person has simply gone away on a long trip.   If we were not able to be present at the death or shortly afterwards to say our final 'goodbyes', funeral homes may charge $100-$200 for even a single-person visitation/viewing.   If we do see the body again (at the visitation or open-casket funeral), it has been made-up to look like our loved one is alive and only sleeping.   All of this is actually meant to encourage us to believe that the death is not entirely real — that our person's last breath was not final.

Washing the Hair

We may have contributed our own personal eulogies at the funeral; but customarily, the main rite is spoken by the clergy or funeral director — who may have never known the person that we treasure so deeply, nor witnessed any of their moments that are weaving through our minds as we recognize that these will never be shared again.

Our person lies in a non-customized casket — not made by our hands, nor placed there by us.   We may watch the casket being lowered into the grave — but not cover it with shovels full of sweat and tears, knowing that this act is the final 'goodbye'; or watch it being rolled into the cremation furnace — but not push the button that ignites the flames that consume it so finally. [Note: even watching the casket lowered into the grave or rolled into the cremation chamber has been discouraged — or even disallowed — but that is changing in recent years.]

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Continuance of post-death care at home     However — especially in some rural areas, or in intentional communities — the tradition of the family caring for the deceased has continued into the present day.   Particularly in the 1990s, even urban families began questioning our cultural funeral customs for a number of reasons:							Dying at home helps not just the dying patient, but society as a whole...more free hospital beds for patients who can benefit from hospital services.   Additionally, "aggressive, expensive, painful and futile" care in hospital is often avoided when patients are able to die at home.   Donna Wilson, professor of nursing at the University of Alberta — from the CBC News project A Good Death, a co-production with students from the Graduate Program in Journalism at Western. About 25 percent of all health-care costs are devoted to caring for patients in their last year of life....  Almost 70 percent of people die in the hospital, including some in high-tech intensive-care beds, which cost about $1-million a year to operate.   Many patients fail to complete advance directives or communicate preferences.... they could be subject to costly, invasive treatments they did not actually want.    Lisa Priest — November 29,2011 How much does dying cost Canadians? [from the Globe and Mail  'end of life' series]
			Items and services that weren't necessarily appropriate (or that didn't fit the values of the death journeyer or their family) added to the overall cost.
			Given the demographics of the baby-boomer generation and their increasing longevity, families became concerned that personal and health-care funds might not be available to their children or grandchildren because funds are used for
					a series of what are likely to be unnecessary treatments, and artificially maintaining lives beyond any 'quality of life' (it is estimated that a person uses twice as many health-care dollars in their last year of life, as in the whole of their life beforehand) — and
					customary, but unnecessary, post-death services. [Memorial societies were created to reduce these costs, and support families to only choose what they felt was appropriate or necessary from a funeral home.]
			Although funeral directors are generally caring, compassionate individuals, they have limits imposed on them as to what they can offer, in terms of personalized choices — by law, customary practice, company policy or their professional association's standards.

			There are increasing ecological concerns about both conventional burial practices (concrete, wood, or metal grave liners; non-biodegradable substances used in caskets; etc.) and cremation (which has a significant 'carbon footprint' — estimated to be 92 cubic metres of natural gas, or anywhere from 15 to 29 kilowatt-hours of electricity, which is the equivalent of the energy demands of an average Canadian home for nearly two weeks).
			Urban people began to recognize that rural families often did their own post-death care, or heard about family/friends who did so out of an intuitive sense of its 'rightness' for them.
			Perhaps most importantly, many of us wished to continue direct/hands-on care after the death, and to personalize the whole of the post-death process — in keeping with our own sense of honouring the death journeyer.

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Alternative Death-care providers     As a result, some individuals — with direct experience of, and/or a particular concern for, an at-home/family-based post-death process — began offering their services publicly, training others to support families in the same way (Final Passages in the U.S. being amongst the first to do so), and even publicizing the necessary information on post-death care on the web (see our Resources in Canada — Post-Death page — Legal Information and Regulations, Resources Elsewhere —Post -Death Care information, and our own PDFs on Basics on Post-death Care At Home below).   Those who focus on post-deathcare support are most often called home funeral guides — although pan-death guides and thanadoulas also include this support in the whole pan-death continuum of their practice, and some death doulas may offer post-deathcare as well.

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Why Consider an At-home Family-based (Home Funeral) Option

What is a 'Home Funeral'?    By dictionary definition, a funeral is a ceremony, or group of ceremonies, held in connection with the burial or cremation of a dead person.   It doesn't include the other elements of care or documentation that funeral homes provide (washing/dressing the body, embalming, make-up added to the face, Death Certificates, etc.).

The new term 'home funeral' may or may not incorporate a funeral ceremony specifically at home (and usually doesn't, if a significant number of people would be attending); but generally does include support and guidance for the family to complete the post-deathcare themselves, including
			washing and dressing the body, as well as cooling it throughout the time at home
			arranging any death vigils/wakes/lying-in/etc. wished for by the death journeyer or the family
			preparing the casket (building and/or decorating it)
			filling out and filing required documents (including body-transport permits)
			arranging the funeral and/or memorial service (which might be held elsewhere), and the burial or cremation, and/or
			making the arrangements for burial or cremation directly with the cemetery or crematorium

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In fact, it wasn't until the early 20th century (and after embalming was popularized in WWI, for soldiers being returned home for burial) that dead bodies were customarily moved into funeral homes shortly after death.    Until then (and for tens of thousands of years of our species' history beforehand), most post-deathcare was done at home — perhaps with the assistance of a local doctor or midwife; but in any case, with the help of those in one's community who had experience dealing with dead bodies.

Practically, caring for a dead body itself is not that different from caring for the same person while they were dying — and in fact, often much simpler (see Basics on Post-death Care At Home PDF below, as well as Caitlin Doughty's "Ask a Mortician" video "Are Dead Bodies Dangerous?").   Especially if the Death Journeyer had dementia, or another condition that prevented them from doing any of their own care, it is likely that the family caregiver has been doing equally extensive and intimate care for them (e.g. cleaning private parts) to what is required by post-death care.

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Choosing a casket     Most funeral homes carry (or show) only a limited number of less ornate caskets, and encourage the family to choose from amongst their wider array of more elaborate ones.   By law, you do not have to choose any of them, and can order your own from another business.   Most funeral homes carry cardboard caskets (generally used for cremation) — and even though you are unlikely to see them in the showroom, you have a right to buy one and decorate it according to your wishes.   Some cemeteries may refuse to bury cardboard caskets; but with the growing trend of green burials, they may be open to doing so simply to build some PR as 'ecologically conscious'.

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'A la carte' Services     Some funeral homes may be willing to provide one or two specific services (rather than their usual full range of care) if you choose to do most of the post-deathcare at home.   Of course, that is not what their business is set up for.   However, particularly those funeral homes focusing on simpler or less expensive services may recognize that — as at-home post-deathcare becomes more popular — they can provide an important support service.   For example, if the Death Journeyer has a pacemaker, the funeral home may be willing to remove it before burial/cremation.   In all likelihood, they would wash and re-dress the body as part of that procedure, but then might be willing to release the body (with proper documents) to be taken home for the 'lying in honour'/visitation before burial or cremation.   They might also be willing to provide transportation services, if you don't have a vehicle available that is appropriate for transporting a body; or take over the paperwork.

It would be wise to contact the funeral homes in your area, well in advance of the death, to find out which ones might provide 'a la carte' services, in order to avoid potentially uncomfortable negotiations at the time of deepest grief.   If you have a DWENA practitioner locally available, they may be able to provide information on which funeral homes are most likely to offer 'a la carte' services.   Your hospice may also be helpful in finding supportive local services.

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Comparative costs of funeral home versus at-home post-death care [Downloadable PDF]

Note: the above table only uses two particular funeral homes' prices (circa 2014, now more) — two of the less expensive ones in B.C.   Some of the more expensive funeral homes will charge higher fees for most of these items — possibly more than double the prices given on the left side of this comparison.    It is only intended to give you a very general idea of the parallel cost of the most inexpensive funeral home usage, as compared to 'Post-deathcare by family at home '.   You will need to compare prices with funeral homes in your own area.   The 'Post-deathcare by family at home ' column does not include any fees or donations to a private alternate deathcare provider, and neither column includes the costs of the actual burial or cremation (which will be variable depending on where you live; and what kind of casket and burial plot you choose, if choosing burial) or required taxes.

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As much as this may seem a very somber activity for a child, they can take delight in the simplest offerings to the Death Journeyer (before and after death): and this allows them to remember the death with joy, as well as sorrow.   This participation then also makes it easier for them to take part in later commemorations (one grandmother has her grandchildren make flower wreaths at the anniversary of their grandpa's death), and thus they can remember the Death Journeyer with a sense of joyfulness and peace.

Ecological footprint of home funerals/community deathcare

Almost all of the supplies needed for a home funeral/community deathcare are either already in the home or can be reused after the deathcare — therefore, there is very little that need to be disposed of.   One supportive funeral director told us that the disposables for one body, cared for in a funeral home, equals two large garbage bags — gloves, sheets, gowns, masks, etc.   For some families, committed to ecology in the rest of their lives, the ecological advantages of a home funeral/community deathcare are significant.

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Basics on Post-death Care At Home

The many details of post-deathcare may seem overwhelming, but it is simpler than it appears.   CINDEA has produced a series of short videos, shown below, that demonstrate the primary steps of what needs to be done (because "a picture is worth a thousand words").   The written instructions in the PDFs "Post-Death Physical Care" and "General Timeline" (below the videos) describe the process in more detail.

Most Death Journeyers have a wider support network than you may at first be aware of (friends, faith communities, political/social-issue groups, online communities, hobby/interest groups, etc.) — and those people may appreciate an opportunity to help.   There may also be a pan-death guide or other DWENA practitioner available in your area to guide you through the post-death care.   See our Resources—Post-Death page under pan-death and home funeral guides, and funeral celebrants, or contact us with any questions you may have.   

Legal requirements are slightly different in each province/territory.   The required documents are usually only issued to the next-of-kin, the designated Representative or power of attorney, or (post-death) the executor, or funeral homes — however, your local DWENA practitioner may also have copies.   CINDEA provides links to sites where the family can access most of those documents themselves, for each province and territory — see our legal information section.   Your local hospice society may be able to provide further information, or contact us if you need more help (CINDEA may be able to provide some local information or ideas on how to find it).

You may want to do some but not all of the post-death care yourself.   There might be a funeral director in your area who is willing to perform specific tasks (such as transportation or dealing with the paperwork), instead of their full package of services.   However, it is unwise to just assume that this will be possible — phone around to different funeral homes to check beforehand.

Whatever your choices are, please take care of yourself, and commit to only as much of the post-death care as you feel able and willing to do.

CINDEA 's "Post-death Care At Home" video series

[Click here for the page containing all the videos below (plus some general information), or click on each thumbnail below for a specific video.]

Part 1: Moving the body Part 2: Washing the hair, face, and mouth Part 3: Washing the body Part 4: Dressing the body Closing the eyes and mouth Part 5: Moving the body into casket, or Shrouding the body

General Timeline for Post-death Care & Arrangements (PDF)	Post-death Physical Care (PDF)
Click here to download the PDF, which includes all of the following sections:	Click here to download the PDF, which includes all of the following sections:
Well in advance of the death     Just before death Within the first few hours Within the first day or two Within 3-4 days (just before the burial/cremation) Within the next week to 10 days	Dealing with the body     Dealing with rigor mortis  Supplies for post-death care Moving the body Using dry ice and gel packs Shrouding the body

The National Home Funeral Alliance (US) keeps an updated list of podcasts.   We also recommend Donna Belk on home funerals and How to have a home funeral, and the "In the Parlour" (trailer available online) — as well as The Art of Natural Death Care (Vimeo online).

Note: For direct support from an alternative deathcare provider in your local area (death midwifery practitioner, death doula or thanadoula, home funeral guide and/or funeral celebrant), please visit our Resources in Canada Post-death Page or contact us for further suggestions. (return to top)

Mock shrouding with queen-sized bedsheet and four ties

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Shroud Designs and Sewing Patterns

CINDEA has provided 6 different designs for shrouds, with graphic and written instructions.     These shroud designs have been approved for use at the Royal Oak Burial Park Woodlands green burial site (Victoria, BC, Canada).

It is possible that a traditional (non-green) burial ground would accept a shrouded body instead of a casket; and allow it to be buried without a cement liner, because the ground may not collapse over it.   We recommend that you talk to your local cemetery about the use of shrouds, especially if there is no green-burial ground available in your area (see Green Disposition Options in Canada on our Post-death page).

               

Click here to access all 6 of the downloadable patterns, in PDF formats.

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Death Journeyer's Remains
Note: further information is available on our Resources in Canada — Post-death page
and on our Greening Death page (not completed yet).

If choosing burial
			Kinds of burials
				Check if any of your local cemeteries offer green burials or hybrid burials (cement liner on top, but not beneath — as is traditional for Jewish and Muslim burials).   Also check what conditions they require for the body and casket: for example, a fully-green burial may not allow for any metal on the body or in the casket — either shrouds or caskets may be acceptable, but both must be made from a biodegradable material.   You can check the Green Burial Council or the Green Burial Society of Canada site for specific areas in Canada where green burials are available, or our Green Disposition Options.
				Full-body burial at sea is still theoretically possible, and would be considered 'green' — but because of strict regulations and the expense, it is now virtually prohibitive in Canada. [Note: the only Canadian-based information we have found on burials at sea — where the whole body is given to the sea, instead of scattering ashes — is at Burial At Sea.   Two companies in the U.S.A. have made 'full body burial at sea' possible -- Golden Gate Burial Services, California, and New England Burial at Sea, east coast of U.S.A]
			Requirements
				You will need to obtain a Permit for Burial or Cremation (received from Vital Statistics, and issued for free after both the Medical Certificate of Death and the Registration of Death are filed). [see CINDEA's Post-death Legal information and Regulations for access to documents for your province/territory.]
				If you wish to transport the body yourself, see the Legal Information and Regulations on our Post-death Resources page or apply to your local provincial/territorial Consumer Protection office to see if you require a Permit to Transport the Body (these may be available on-line).   There should be information accompanying the permit to clarify what the requirements are for transporting the body — including what kinds of caskets can be used.
				Prior to burial (especially a green one), there may be a requirement to remove any pacemaker, prosthesis or other mechanical or radioactive device (check with your chosen cemetery in advance).   In the case of a pacemaker (or any other internal artificial items), you may need to have the body taken to a funeral home to remove the device, unless that has been done at the hospital (if the death journeyer died there).   It may be difficult to get the funeral home to allow you to then take the body home — if you have problems with this, please feel free to contact us for suggestions on how to get official support.
			Cemetery considerations
				Green-burial sites, and perhaps some traditional cemeteries, allow for shrouds or cardboard or pressboard caskets that can be painted by the family/friends with biodegradable paints (check your local art stores for which brand would be best).
				Some cemeteries may allow the family/friends to fill the grave — but if you choose this option, make sure that enough soil has been left by the graveside to do so.    Some may also allow the family/friends to lower the body into the grave — but paid employees will likely need to be present for safety's sake.   You will need to negotiate with the cemetery as to how they will supervise the lowering of the casket — in order for them to do so adequately, without interfering with the burial ceremony.
				Find out if a representative of the cemetery needs to be present at the graveside ceremony, and negotiate with them re how involved they are.

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If choosing cremation
			Kinds of cremation
				Regular cremation (by intense fire) is usually available and inexpensive.
				Open-air cremations are traditional for some ethnic groups (such as Hindus), but are rarely available in urban areas or even elsewhere in North America.   There is a movement to re-introduce them in Canada, but we are not aware of any available at the present time.
				Resomation or aquafication (bio-cremation — by chemical dissolving; also called alkaline hydrolysis) has 20 times less carbon-footprint than regular cremation.   There are only a few units functioning in Canada at the present time, but likely to be more in the future.   [Note: Promession (freeze-drying) is also being developed, but not available in Canada to our knowledge at this time.]
				The newest development is direct composting of bodies, called recomposition (intended for urban areas, but workable elsewhere) — a project originally referred to as the Urban Death Project and now legalized in the U.S.A. as Recompose.   It is not available in Canada at the moment,; but some of the next-stage of research is being done here, and a facility is functioning in Washington State (Seattle times article on Recompose)   It has also been legalized in Colorado and Oregon.
			Timeframe
				In most provinces/territories, a body cannot usually be cremated — by law — until 24-48 hours (usually the latter) after the death; which allows for a possible examination by the coroner, etc., if deemed necessary after the death.
			Requirements
				You will need to obtain a Permit for Burial or Cremation (received from Vital Statistics, for free, after both the Medical Certificate of Death and the Registration of Death have been filed).   [see CINDEA's Legal Information and Regulations for access to documents for your province/territory.]
				If you are transporting the body yourself to the crematorium, apply to your local provincial/territorial Consumer Protection office to see if you require a Permit to Transport the Body (these may be available on-line or check our Legal Information).   There should be information accompanying the permit to clarify what the requirements are for transporting the body — including what kinds of caskets can be used.
				Prior to cremation, any pacemaker, prosthesis or other mechanical or radioactive device must be removed, because they are likely to explode in the cremation chamber.   In the case of a pacemaker (or any other internal artificial items), you may need to have the body taken to a funeral home to remove the device, unless that has been done at the hospital (if the death journeyer died there).   It may be difficult to get the funeral home to allow you to then take the body home — if you have problems with this, please feel free to contact us for suggestions on how to get official support.
			Other considerations
				It may be possible to rent a regular casket for visitation purposes, but the body will generally be in a cardboard casket when cremated (at present, a hard container is required so shrouds can't be used).   If you choose only the cardboard casket, it can be painted (with biodegradable paints) by family/friends.
				Crematoriums often have chapels where a service can be held at the time of the cremation — sometimes available free of charge.
				Some crematoriums may allow a family member to push the button that starts the cremation fire, and/or otherwise witness the cremation — but you will need to specifically ask if this is possible.    There may be an added charge for witnessing the cremation and/or pushing the button, although not necessarily.
			Scattering of ashes
				There are generally no laws prohibiting the scattering of ashes by land, sea, or air — but you should check the municipal by-laws.
				There may be specific conditions for scattering in public parks, or rules that ashes can only be buried there — which then requires a permit.
				You may need a special permit to scatter them at sea (at least within the national boundary).
				Ashes should never be scattered on private property without permission (including commercial private property — golf courses, etc.).
				Ashes are usually scattered in a place significant to the death journeyer or family; but it is wise to remember that the use of that land may change in the future (for example, be dug up to build housing, etc.).
				Consider actually spreading the ashes over a relatively large area.   Too many ashes in one small spot can kill the vegetation above and around them — this includes ashes in a biodegradable urn (see Why Burying Ashes is Harmful to the Environment)
			Urns for ashes
				Generally, 1 pound body weight equals 1 cubic inch ash
				Unless special urns are arranged in advance, the ashes will come to you in one or two cardboard boxes or plastic bags/tubs (depending on the size of the death journeyer).   You should always check to make sure that the box or bag is labeled with the death journeyer's name, or some other coding that ensures that you have the right person's ashes.
				Urns can be made of almost any substance.   Your local funeral homes and crematoriums are likely to have a wide variety.   You may wish to have an artisan friend make one (or more) for you, which may incorporate some of the ashes.   If you plan to bury the ashes in a green-burial ground or a garden, the urn will need to be biodegradable.   [Note: if you can't find a biodegradable urn locally, see the Green Burial Council's page 'Find GBC Provider' — at the bottom under 'Approved Products', check the pull-down menu for 'urns'.]
				If you choose to bury the urn in a specific piece of land, make sure that you have permission to do so.
				Your family members may choose to divide the ashes amongst them, as they may wish to either each retain part of the ashes, or scatter them in different places.   Usually, arrangements can be made with the crematorium to have the ashes divided into several containers (either cardboard boxes, or pre-purchased urns or ones that you provide yourself).   Although holding the ashes for a while can be comforting, many families find that it then becomes awkward to decide what to do with them for the long term, and when to make that decision.   However, if the family wants to scatter or bury them together, you might want to pre-select a date — possibly the first anniversary of the death — to jointly make a decision as to the final disposition of the ashes.

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